Analyses for ‘A Translational Paradigm to Study the Effects of Uncontrollable Stress in Humans’
Study 1 Analysis
Laura E. Meine (based on earlier code written by Laura E. Meine and Katja Schueler)
23.07.2020
1 Summary
This script runs analyses on data from study 1. Specifically, it compares data from three groups of participants who underwent escapable stress (EC), yoked inescapable stress (YC), or a control condition (CC), respectively. Here, we use the terms “group” and “condition” interchangeably. Measurements under investigation comprised reaction times (RTs) and ratings under acute stress (stressor aversiveness, control, exhaustion, frustration, helplessness) as well as pre-post changes in affective state (STADI and PANAS questionnaires), effects on working memory (reading span), and escape behaviour (activity, exploration, escapes, efficiency).
2 Sample Descriptives
In total, the sample consisted of N = 80 participants with n = 27 in CC, n = 27 in EC, and n = 26 in YC.
2.1 Age & Sex
3 A Priori Group Difference Checks
3.1 Sex (Chi-square Test)
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: demo$condition and demo$sex
## X-squared = 0.03256, df = 2, p-value = 0.9839There were no a priori group differences in male-female ratio.
3.2 Age (one-way ANOVA)
Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.
##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: age_sess2 by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 6.518, df = 2, p-value = 0.03843## # A tibble: 1 x 5
## .y. n effsize method magnitude
## * <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <ord>
## 1 age_sess2 80 0.0587 eta2[H] smallAge differed significantly between groups. There were two extreme outliers which we excluded from subsequent analyses.
3.3 Working Memory IQ (one-way ANOVA)
There were no outliers with respect to working memory IQ.
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: workingmem_IQ
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 77 140.03 0.81 .02 .45
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1There were no a priori group differences in working memory IQ.
3.4 Alertness (one-way ANOVA)
There were no outliers with respect to alertness.
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: TAPalertness
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 77 46.90 1.47 .04 .24
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1There were no a priori group differences in alertness.
4 Manipulation Check
4.1 Verify Yoking of Stress Durations
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: stress$stress_duration[stress$condition == "EC"] and stress$stress_duration[stress$condition == "YC"]
## t = -0.40496, df = 2111.3, p-value = 0.6855
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.06782429 0.04460753
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y
## 6.497424 6.509033There were no differences in stress durations between EC and YC because YC participants were yoked to EC participants. Very slight timing inaccurracies are due to program execution differences. EC and CC performed at ceiling, responding fast enough to each cue as evidenced in mean stress duration well below the 15s maximum in each trial. Thus, there were no group differences in durations.
4.2 Stressor Aversiveness
There were no extreme outliers with respect to aversiveness ratings.
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 6429.7 1 220.973 47 1367.5679 <2e-16 ***
## condition 2.3 1 220.973 47 0.4832 0.4904
## trial 1.4 3 68.769 141 0.9667 0.4104
## condition:trial 2.0 3 68.769 141 1.3572 0.2584
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## trial 0.43426 3.577e-07
## condition:trial 0.43426 3.577e-07
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial 0.63647 0.3808
## condition:trial 0.63647 0.2623
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial 0.6627468 0.3836776
## condition:trial 0.6627468 0.2623624## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: aversive_rating
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 1, 47 4.70 0.48 .01 .49
## 2 trial 1.91, 89.74 0.77 0.97 .02 .38
## 3 condition:trial 1.91, 89.74 0.77 1.36 .03 .26
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Sphericity correction method: GG##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 5984.0 1 166.071 45 1621.4823 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 2.8 1 166.071 45 0.7512 0.3907101
## sex 54.3 1 166.071 45 14.7013 0.0003891 ***
## condition:sex 0.1 1 166.071 45 0.0186 0.8921148
## trial 0.8 3 65.603 135 0.5375 0.6574007
## condition:trial 1.7 3 65.603 135 1.1785 0.3203903
## sex:trial 2.6 3 65.603 135 1.7501 0.1597866
## condition:sex:trial 0.6 3 65.603 135 0.4071 0.7481450
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## trial 0.44943 1.5411e-06
## condition:trial 0.44943 1.5411e-06
## sex:trial 0.44943 1.5411e-06
## condition:sex:trial 0.44943 1.5411e-06
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial 0.64388 0.5800
## condition:trial 0.64388 0.3114
## sex:trial 0.64388 0.1809
## condition:sex:trial 0.64388 0.6597
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial 0.6722336 0.5875375
## condition:trial 0.6722336 0.3126738
## sex:trial 0.6722336 0.1793022
## condition:sex:trial 0.6722336 0.6684889## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: aversive_rating
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 1, 45 3.69 0.75 .02 .39
## 2 sex 1, 45 3.69 14.70 *** .25 .0004
## 3 condition:sex 1, 45 3.69 0.02 .0004 .89
## 4 trial 1.93, 86.92 0.75 0.54 .01 .58
## 5 condition:trial 1.93, 86.92 0.75 1.18 .03 .31
## 6 sex:trial 1.93, 86.92 0.75 1.75 .04 .18
## 7 condition:sex:trial 1.93, 86.92 0.75 0.41 .009 .66
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Sphericity correction method: GGBoth EC and YC rated the stressor as very aversive (global M = 5.744898). Mean aversiveness ratings did not differ between groups, nor across trials. Men rated the stressor as less aversive compared to women.
4.3 Perceived Stressor Controllability
There was one extreme outlier with respect to perceived control which we excluded from this analysis.
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 5577.4 1 701.43 74 588.4100 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 562.4 2 701.43 74 29.6678 3.456e-10 ***
## trial 7.1 3 151.09 222 3.4663 0.01705 *
## condition:trial 1.8 6 151.09 222 0.4492 0.84508
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## trial 0.37343 4.7503e-14
## condition:trial 0.37343 4.7503e-14
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial 0.62374 0.03692 *
## condition:trial 0.62374 0.76039
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial 0.6393249 0.03575116
## condition:trial 0.6393249 0.76501657## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: control_rating
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 74 9.48 29.67 *** .45 <.0001
## 2 trial 1.87, 138.47 1.09 3.47 * .04 .04
## 3 condition:trial 3.74, 138.47 1.09 0.45 .01 .76
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Sphericity correction method: GG## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## CC - EC 1.83 0.432 74 4.243 0.0001
## CC - YC 3.35 0.436 74 7.699 <.0001
## EC - YC 1.52 0.423 74 3.600 0.0006
##
## Results are averaged over the levels of: trial
## P value adjustment: holm method for 3 tests## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## X10 - X20 0.2177 0.133 222 1.635 0.4134
## X10 - X30 0.3600 0.133 222 2.705 0.0368
## X10 - X40 0.3801 0.133 222 2.855 0.0282
## X20 - X30 0.1423 0.133 222 1.069 0.6714
## X20 - X40 0.1624 0.133 222 1.220 0.6714
## X30 - X40 0.0201 0.133 222 0.151 0.8803
##
## Results are averaged over the levels of: condition
## P value adjustment: holm method for 6 tests##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 5556.9 1 636.76 71 619.6063 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 529.7 2 636.76 71 29.5285 4.655e-10 ***
## sex 30.9 1 636.76 71 3.4500 0.0674010 .
## condition:sex 30.2 2 636.76 71 1.6862 0.1925520
## trial 7.7 3 134.32 213 4.0654 0.0077787 **
## condition:trial 3.3 6 134.32 213 0.8634 0.5226872
## sex:trial 0.6 3 134.32 213 0.3388 0.7972640
## condition:sex:trial 16.2 6 134.32 213 4.2708 0.0004368 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## trial 0.40484 2.8792e-12
## condition:trial 0.40484 2.8792e-12
## sex:trial 0.40484 2.8792e-12
## condition:sex:trial 0.40484 2.8792e-12
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial 0.64629 0.020291 *
## condition:trial 0.64629 0.484970
## sex:trial 0.64629 0.706507
## condition:sex:trial 0.64629 0.003034 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial 0.6641358 0.019324914
## condition:trial 0.6641358 0.487328636
## sex:trial 0.6641358 0.712354830
## condition:sex:trial 0.6641358 0.002747778## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: control_rating
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 71 8.97 29.53 *** .45 <.0001
## 2 sex 1, 71 8.97 3.45 + .05 .07
## 3 condition:sex 2, 71 8.97 1.69 .05 .19
## 4 trial 1.94, 137.66 0.98 4.07 * .05 .02
## 5 condition:trial 3.88, 137.66 0.98 0.86 .02 .48
## 6 sex:trial 1.94, 137.66 0.98 0.34 .005 .71
## 7 condition:sex:trial 3.88, 137.66 0.98 4.27 ** .11 .003
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Sphericity correction method: GG
We observed group differences in perceived control in the expected direction: YC reported lowest, EC middle, CC highest perceived control. There was an effect of time: perceived control decreased slightly over time. There was also a significant interaction of condition x sex x trial.
5 Ratings and RT During Stress Exposure
5.1 Feelings of Helplessness
There were two extreme outliers which we excluded from this analysis.
Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.
##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: helpless_rating by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 26.181, df = 2, p-value = 2.065e-06## # A tibble: 3 x 9
## .y. group1 group2 n1 n2 statistic p p.adj p.adj.signif
## * <chr> <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 helpless_… CC EC 23 27 3.54 4.01e-4 8.03e-4 ***
## 2 helpless_… CC YC 23 26 5.02 5.28e-7 1.58e-6 ****
## 3 helpless_… EC YC 27 26 1.57 1.16e-1 1.16e-1 ns## # A tibble: 1 x 5
## .y. n effsize method magnitude
## * <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <ord>
## 1 helpless_rating 76 0.331 eta2[H] large
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 2859.26 1 600.06 72 343.0756 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 260.09 2 600.06 72 15.6037 2.346e-06 ***
## sex 93.83 1 600.06 72 11.2580 0.001268 **
## condition:sex 96.97 2 600.06 72 5.8175 0.004550 **
## trial 0.99 3 158.17 216 0.4492 0.718114
## condition:trial 8.05 6 158.17 216 1.8323 0.094044 .
## sex:trial 0.15 3 158.17 216 0.0668 0.977488
## condition:sex:trial 3.22 6 158.17 216 0.7331 0.623478
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## trial 0.36223 4.3509e-14
## condition:trial 0.36223 4.3509e-14
## sex:trial 0.36223 4.3509e-14
## condition:sex:trial 0.36223 4.3509e-14
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial 0.59047 0.6153
## condition:trial 0.59047 0.1345
## sex:trial 0.59047 0.9171
## condition:sex:trial 0.59047 0.5554
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial 0.6042825 0.6197997
## condition:trial 0.6042825 0.1328879
## sex:trial 0.6042825 0.9207775
## condition:sex:trial 0.6042825 0.5583392## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: helpless_rating
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 72 8.33 15.60 *** .30 <.0001
## 2 sex 1, 72 8.33 11.26 ** .14 .001
## 3 condition:sex 2, 72 8.33 5.82 ** .14 .005
## 4 trial 1.77, 127.54 1.24 0.45 .006 .62
## 5 condition:trial 3.54, 127.54 1.24 1.83 .05 .13
## 6 sex:trial 1.77, 127.54 1.24 0.07 .0009 .92
## 7 condition:sex:trial 3.54, 127.54 1.24 0.73 .02 .56
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Sphericity correction method: GG## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## CC,f - EC,f -2.7595 0.536 72 -5.144 <.0001
## CC,f - YC,f -2.4929 0.536 72 -4.647 0.0002
## CC,f - CC,m 0.0844 0.582 72 0.145 1.0000
## CC,f - EC,m -0.1012 0.568 72 -0.178 1.0000
## CC,f - YC,m -1.9156 0.582 72 -3.294 0.0138
## EC,f - YC,f 0.2667 0.527 72 0.506 1.0000
## EC,f - CC,m 2.8439 0.573 72 4.963 0.0001
## EC,f - EC,m 2.6583 0.559 72 4.755 0.0001
## EC,f - YC,m 0.8439 0.573 72 1.473 0.8709
## YC,f - CC,m 2.5773 0.573 72 4.498 0.0003
## YC,f - EC,m 2.3917 0.559 72 4.278 0.0006
## YC,f - YC,m 0.5773 0.573 72 1.007 1.0000
## CC,m - EC,m -0.1856 0.603 72 -0.308 1.0000
## CC,m - YC,m -2.0000 0.615 72 -3.249 0.0141
## EC,m - YC,m -1.8144 0.603 72 -3.011 0.0251
##
## Results are averaged over the levels of: trial
## P value adjustment: holm method for 15 tests
Both stress groups reported sig. greater helplessness compared to the control group, however, they did not differ sig. from each other. Men in EC and YC reported less helplessness, there were no sex differences in CC.
5.2 Exhaustion
There were no outliers with respect to exhaustion ratings.
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: exhausted_rating
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 75 2.75 10.24 *** .21 .0001
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## CC - EC -1.987 0.461 75 -4.315 0.0001
## CC - YC -1.575 0.465 75 -3.389 0.0022
## EC - YC 0.412 0.456 75 0.904 0.3690
##
## P value adjustment: holm method for 3 tests
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 4109.0 1 613.67 72 482.1007 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 188.6 2 613.67 72 11.0651 6.453e-05 ***
## sex 107.3 1 613.67 72 12.5897 0.0006873 ***
## condition:sex 98.4 2 613.67 72 5.7707 0.0047371 **
## trial 5.7 3 96.33 216 4.2942 0.0057399 **
## condition:trial 1.6 6 96.33 216 0.5918 0.7367458
## sex:trial 3.1 3 96.33 216 2.3397 0.0743838 .
## condition:sex:trial 2.3 6 96.33 216 0.8763 0.5131012
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## trial 0.4312 1.565e-11
## condition:trial 0.4312 1.565e-11
## sex:trial 0.4312 1.565e-11
## condition:sex:trial 0.4312 1.565e-11
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial 0.62748 0.01736 *
## condition:trial 0.62748 0.65910
## sex:trial 0.62748 0.10349
## condition:sex:trial 0.62748 0.47484
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial 0.6437673 0.01653213
## condition:trial 0.6437673 0.66333931
## sex:trial 0.6437673 0.10203219
## condition:sex:trial 0.6437673 0.47696339## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: exhausted_rating
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 72 8.52 11.07 *** .24 <.0001
## 2 sex 1, 72 8.52 12.59 *** .15 .0007
## 3 condition:sex 2, 72 8.52 5.77 ** .14 .005
## 4 trial 1.88, 135.54 0.71 4.29 * .06 .02
## 5 condition:trial 3.76, 135.54 0.71 0.59 .02 .66
## 6 sex:trial 1.88, 135.54 0.71 2.34 .03 .10
## 7 condition:sex:trial 3.76, 135.54 0.71 0.88 .02 .47
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Sphericity correction method: GG
Both stress groups reported sig. greater exhaustion compared to the control group, however, they did not differ sig. from each other. Men in EC and YC reported less exhaustion compared to women, whereas, in CC, women reported less exhaustion.
5.3 Frustration
There were no extreme outliers with regard to frustration ratings.
Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.
##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: frustrated_rating by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 16.754, df = 2, p-value = 0.0002301## # A tibble: 3 x 9
## .y. group1 group2 n1 n2 statistic p p.adj p.adj.signif
## * <chr> <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 frustrated_… CC EC 25 27 2.10 3.56e-2 7.12e-2 ns
## 2 frustrated_… CC YC 25 26 4.09 4.26e-5 1.28e-4 ***
## 3 frustrated_… EC YC 27 26 2.05 4.04e-2 7.12e-2 ns## # A tibble: 1 x 5
## .y. n effsize method magnitude
## * <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <ord>
## 1 frustrated_rating 78 0.197 eta2[H] large
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 2710.85 1 614.14 72 317.8138 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 171.12 2 614.14 72 10.0306 0.0001436 ***
## sex 79.78 1 614.14 72 9.3537 0.0031235 **
## condition:sex 34.12 2 614.14 72 2.0001 0.1427671
## trial 12.32 3 129.58 216 6.8430 0.0002000 ***
## condition:trial 10.80 6 129.58 216 3.0016 0.0077442 **
## sex:trial 0.46 3 129.58 216 0.2529 0.8592004
## condition:sex:trial 3.58 6 129.58 216 0.9932 0.4307792
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## trial 0.70833 0.00018316
## condition:trial 0.70833 0.00018316
## sex:trial 0.70833 0.00018316
## condition:sex:trial 0.70833 0.00018316
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial 0.80213 0.0006455 ***
## condition:trial 0.80213 0.0137496 *
## sex:trial 0.80213 0.8160906
## condition:sex:trial 0.80213 0.4216913
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial 0.8318092 0.000541071
## condition:trial 0.8318092 0.012607416
## sex:trial 0.8318092 0.823493859
## condition:sex:trial 0.8318092 0.423250204## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: frustrated_rating
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 72 8.53 10.03 *** .22 .0001
## 2 sex 1, 72 8.53 9.35 ** .11 .003
## 3 condition:sex 2, 72 8.53 2.00 .05 .14
## 4 trial 2.41, 173.26 0.75 6.84 *** .09 .0006
## 5 condition:trial 4.81, 173.26 0.75 3.00 * .08 .01
## 6 sex:trial 2.41, 173.26 0.75 0.25 .004 .82
## 7 condition:sex:trial 4.81, 173.26 0.75 0.99 .03 .42
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Sphericity correction method: GG## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## CC,X10 - EC,X10 -1.0163 0.449 104 -2.263 0.8478
## CC,X10 - YC,X10 -1.5292 0.454 104 -3.365 0.0537
## CC,X10 - CC,X20 0.0974 0.221 216 0.441 1.0000
## CC,X10 - EC,X20 -0.9247 0.449 104 -2.059 1.0000
## CC,X10 - YC,X20 -1.7232 0.454 104 -3.792 0.0138
## CC,X10 - CC,X30 -0.2630 0.221 216 -1.192 1.0000
## CC,X10 - EC,X30 -1.1747 0.449 104 -2.616 0.4089
## CC,X10 - YC,X30 -2.2292 0.454 104 -4.905 0.0002
## CC,X10 - CC,X40 -0.4675 0.221 216 -2.119 1.0000
## CC,X10 - EC,X40 -0.8247 0.449 104 -1.837 1.0000
## CC,X10 - YC,X40 -2.5323 0.454 104 -5.572 <.0001
## EC,X10 - YC,X10 -0.5129 0.446 104 -1.151 1.0000
## EC,X10 - CC,X20 1.1137 0.449 104 2.480 0.5599
## EC,X10 - EC,X20 0.0917 0.212 216 0.432 1.0000
## EC,X10 - YC,X20 -0.7068 0.446 104 -1.586 1.0000
## EC,X10 - CC,X30 0.7534 0.449 104 1.678 1.0000
## EC,X10 - EC,X30 -0.1583 0.212 216 -0.746 1.0000
## EC,X10 - YC,X30 -1.2129 0.446 104 -2.722 0.3121
## EC,X10 - CC,X40 0.5488 0.449 104 1.222 1.0000
## EC,X10 - EC,X40 0.1917 0.212 216 0.904 1.0000
## EC,X10 - YC,X40 -1.5159 0.446 104 -3.402 0.0485
## YC,X10 - CC,X20 1.6266 0.454 104 3.579 0.0273
## YC,X10 - EC,X20 0.6045 0.446 104 1.357 1.0000
## YC,X10 - YC,X20 -0.1939 0.217 216 -0.892 1.0000
## YC,X10 - CC,X30 1.2662 0.454 104 2.786 0.2725
## YC,X10 - EC,X30 0.3545 0.446 104 0.796 1.0000
## YC,X10 - YC,X30 -0.7000 0.217 216 -3.220 0.0726
## YC,X10 - CC,X40 1.0617 0.454 104 2.336 0.7507
## YC,X10 - EC,X40 0.7045 0.446 104 1.581 1.0000
## YC,X10 - YC,X40 -1.0030 0.217 216 -4.614 0.0004
## CC,X20 - EC,X20 -1.0221 0.449 104 -2.276 0.8462
## CC,X20 - YC,X20 -1.8206 0.454 104 -4.006 0.0067
## CC,X20 - CC,X30 -0.3604 0.221 216 -1.633 1.0000
## CC,X20 - EC,X30 -1.2721 0.449 104 -2.833 0.2438
## CC,X20 - YC,X30 -2.3266 0.454 104 -5.120 0.0001
## CC,X20 - CC,X40 -0.5649 0.221 216 -2.560 0.4347
## CC,X20 - EC,X40 -0.9221 0.449 104 -2.053 1.0000
## CC,X20 - YC,X40 -2.6297 0.454 104 -5.786 <.0001
## EC,X20 - YC,X20 -0.7985 0.446 104 -1.792 1.0000
## EC,X20 - CC,X30 0.6617 0.449 104 1.474 1.0000
## EC,X20 - EC,X30 -0.2500 0.212 216 -1.179 1.0000
## EC,X20 - YC,X30 -1.3045 0.446 104 -2.928 0.1889
## EC,X20 - CC,X40 0.4571 0.449 104 1.018 1.0000
## EC,X20 - EC,X40 0.1000 0.212 216 0.471 1.0000
## EC,X20 - YC,X40 -1.6076 0.446 104 -3.608 0.0253
## YC,X20 - CC,X30 1.4602 0.454 104 3.213 0.0840
## YC,X20 - EC,X30 0.5485 0.446 104 1.231 1.0000
## YC,X20 - YC,X30 -0.5061 0.217 216 -2.328 0.7507
## YC,X20 - CC,X40 1.2556 0.454 104 2.763 0.2846
## YC,X20 - EC,X40 0.8985 0.446 104 2.016 1.0000
## YC,X20 - YC,X40 -0.8091 0.217 216 -3.722 0.0138
## CC,X30 - EC,X30 -0.9117 0.449 104 -2.030 1.0000
## CC,X30 - YC,X30 -1.9662 0.454 104 -4.327 0.0021
## CC,X30 - CC,X40 -0.2045 0.221 216 -0.927 1.0000
## CC,X30 - EC,X40 -0.5617 0.449 104 -1.251 1.0000
## CC,X30 - YC,X40 -2.2693 0.454 104 -4.993 0.0002
## EC,X30 - YC,X30 -1.0545 0.446 104 -2.367 0.7328
## EC,X30 - CC,X40 0.7071 0.449 104 1.575 1.0000
## EC,X30 - EC,X40 0.3500 0.212 216 1.650 1.0000
## EC,X30 - YC,X40 -1.3576 0.446 104 -3.047 0.1349
## YC,X30 - CC,X40 1.7617 0.454 104 3.876 0.0106
## YC,X30 - EC,X40 1.4045 0.446 104 3.152 0.0996
## YC,X30 - YC,X40 -0.3030 0.217 216 -1.394 1.0000
## CC,X40 - EC,X40 -0.3571 0.449 104 -0.795 1.0000
## CC,X40 - YC,X40 -2.0647 0.454 104 -4.543 0.0009
## EC,X40 - YC,X40 -1.7076 0.446 104 -3.832 0.0122
##
## Results are averaged over the levels of: sex
## P value adjustment: holm method for 66 testsYC showed highest levels of frustration followed by EC, then CC. Only YC showed an increase in frustration over time. Men in EC reported less frustration.
5.4 RTs
There was one outlier with exceptionally long RT which was excluded from this analysis.
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: rt
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 73 3693.81 4.98 ** .12 .009
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## CC - EC -34.6 17.2 73 -2.012 0.0958
## CC - YC -53.7 17.2 73 -3.122 0.0077
## EC - YC -19.1 16.9 73 -1.133 0.2609
##
## P value adjustment: holm method for 3 tests
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 464187803 1 9964194 68 3167.8198 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 1015529 2 9964194 68 3.4652 0.03689 *
## sex 127364 1 9964194 68 0.8692 0.35448
## condition:sex 616892 2 9964194 68 2.1050 0.12972
## trial 1078684 39 20992182 2652 3.4942 2.565e-12 ***
## condition:trial 462831 78 20992182 2652 0.7496 0.94993
## sex:trial 247558 39 20992182 2652 0.8019 0.80482
## condition:sex:trial 487528 78 20992182 2652 0.7896 0.91140
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
##
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
##
## Test statistic p-value
## trial 3.1933e-12 6.4788e-42
## condition:trial 3.1933e-12 6.4788e-42
## sex:trial 3.1933e-12 6.4788e-42
## condition:sex:trial 3.1933e-12 6.4788e-42
##
##
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
## for Departure from Sphericity
##
## GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial 0.40195 4.582e-06 ***
## condition:trial 0.40195 0.8396
## sex:trial 0.40195 0.6820
## condition:sex:trial 0.40195 0.7899
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial 0.5290665 2.079288e-07
## condition:trial 0.5290665 8.773679e-01
## sex:trial 0.5290665 7.176555e-01
## condition:sex:trial 0.5290665 8.283443e-01## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: rt
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 68 146532.26 3.47 * .09 .04
## 2 sex 1, 68 146532.26 0.87 .01 .35
## 3 condition:sex 2, 68 146532.26 2.10 .06 .13
## 4 trial 15.68, 1065.96 19693.24 3.49 *** .05 <.0001
## 5 condition:trial 31.35, 1065.96 19693.24 0.75 .02 .84
## 6 sex:trial 15.68, 1065.96 19693.24 0.80 .01 .68
## 7 condition:sex:trial 31.35, 1065.96 19693.24 0.79 .02 .79
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Sphericity correction method: GG## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = rt ~ condition * trial, id = ID, data = stress)
##
## value df1 df2 p.value
## trial 2.4744 39 214.1964 0.0000
## condition 89.3231 2 434.6291 0.0000
## trial:condition 0.4669 78 278.6624 0.9999## [1] -0.4676576## [1] 1.032947YC was significantly slower than CC but EC and CC did not differ in RTs. Overall RTs showed a steep decrease across the first few trials, then remained fairly constant.
6 Changes in Affective State
6.1 Depression and Anxiety (STADI)
We excluded one extreme outlier with particularly high pre stress induction STADI scores.
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 165481 1 4474.5 68 2514.8699 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 64 2 4474.5 68 0.4855 0.617529
## time 197 1 1431.4 68 9.3787 0.003144 **
## condition:time 127 2 1431.4 68 3.0170 0.055545 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: STADI_S_Global
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 68 65.80 0.49 .01 .62
## 2 time 1, 68 21.05 9.38 ** .12 .003
## 3 condition:time 2, 68 21.05 3.02 + .08 .06
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## CC,pre - EC,pre 0.26609 1.90 107 0.140 1.0000
## CC,pre - YC,pre 2.26087 1.94 107 1.163 1.0000
## CC,pre - CC,post 0.26087 1.35 68 0.193 1.0000
## CC,pre - EC,post -2.81391 1.90 107 -1.478 1.0000
## CC,pre - YC,post -2.00000 1.94 107 -1.029 1.0000
## EC,pre - YC,pre 1.99478 1.90 107 1.048 1.0000
## EC,pre - CC,post -0.00522 1.90 107 -0.003 1.0000
## EC,pre - EC,post -3.08000 1.30 68 -2.373 0.2659
## EC,pre - YC,post -2.26609 1.90 107 -1.190 1.0000
## YC,pre - CC,post -2.00000 1.94 107 -1.029 1.0000
## YC,pre - EC,post -5.07478 1.90 107 -2.665 0.1243
## YC,pre - YC,post -4.26087 1.35 68 -3.149 0.0365
## CC,post - EC,post -3.07478 1.90 107 -1.615 1.0000
## CC,post - YC,post -2.26087 1.94 107 -1.163 1.0000
## EC,post - YC,post 0.81391 1.90 107 0.427 1.0000
##
## P value adjustment: holm method for 15 tests##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 163048 1 3825.8 65 2770.1605 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 67 2 3825.8 65 0.5677 0.569623
## sex 595 1 3825.8 65 10.1113 0.002258 **
## condition:sex 39 2 3825.8 65 0.3316 0.718976
## time 185 1 1332.3 65 9.0181 0.003792 **
## condition:time 120 2 1332.3 65 2.9242 0.060808 .
## sex:time 45 1 1332.3 65 2.2145 0.141552
## condition:sex:time 50 2 1332.3 65 1.2129 0.303978
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: STADI_S_Global
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 65 58.86 0.57 .02 .57
## 2 sex 1, 65 58.86 10.11 ** .13 .002
## 3 condition:sex 2, 65 58.86 0.33 .01 .72
## 4 time 1, 65 20.50 9.02 ** .12 .004
## 5 condition:time 2, 65 20.50 2.92 + .08 .06
## 6 sex:time 1, 65 20.50 2.21 .03 .14
## 7 condition:sex:time 2, 65 20.50 1.21 .04 .30
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1Depressive mood and anxiety significantly increased from pre to post stress induction. A trend interaction of group x time indicated that this increase was limited to stress groups, whereas scores did not change in CC. Overall, men reported less depressive symptoms and anxiety compared to women.
6.2 Negative and Positive Mood (PANAS)
6.2.1 Negative Mood
There were three extreme outliers with respect to negative mood which we excluded from this analysis.
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 20865.4 1 696.85 68 2036.0741 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 63.6 2 696.85 68 3.1043 0.051270 .
## time 9.7 1 250.56 68 2.6320 0.109360
## condition:time 46.2 2 250.56 68 6.2662 0.003179 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: PANAS_neg
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 68 10.25 3.10 + .08 .05
## 2 time 1, 68 3.68 2.63 .04 .11
## 3 condition:time 2, 68 3.68 6.27 ** .16 .003
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## CC,pre - EC,pre -0.0953 0.756 111 -0.126 1.0000
## CC,pre - YC,pre 0.9466 0.787 111 1.203 1.0000
## CC,pre - CC,post 1.0435 0.566 68 1.843 0.6962
## CC,pre - EC,post -1.7107 0.756 111 -2.264 0.3059
## CC,pre - YC,post -0.0534 0.787 111 -0.068 1.0000
## EC,pre - YC,pre 1.0420 0.765 111 1.363 1.0000
## EC,pre - CC,post 1.1388 0.756 111 1.507 1.0000
## EC,pre - EC,post -1.6154 0.532 68 -3.034 0.0444
## EC,pre - YC,post 0.0420 0.765 111 0.055 1.0000
## YC,pre - CC,post 0.0968 0.787 111 0.123 1.0000
## YC,pre - EC,post -2.6573 0.765 111 -3.476 0.0102
## YC,pre - YC,post -1.0000 0.579 68 -1.728 0.7970
## CC,post - EC,post -2.7542 0.756 111 -3.645 0.0061
## CC,post - YC,post -1.0968 0.787 111 -1.394 1.0000
## EC,post - YC,post 1.6573 0.765 111 2.168 0.3555
##
## P value adjustment: holm method for 15 tests## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = PANAS_neg ~ condition * time, id = ID, data = affStates_PANASneg)
##
## value df1 df2 p.value
## condition 1.8585 2 27.6442 0.1749
## time 1.2857 1 36.6270 0.2642
## condition:time 7.6926 2 27.7567 0.0022##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 20129.1 1 544.85 65 2401.3719 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 49.2 2 544.85 65 2.9373 0.060079 .
## sex 120.0 1 544.85 65 14.3169 0.000339 ***
## condition:sex 26.1 2 544.85 65 1.5595 0.218013
## time 7.2 1 231.89 65 2.0159 0.160436
## condition:time 40.3 2 231.89 65 5.6419 0.005503 **
## sex:time 8.6 1 231.89 65 2.4095 0.125457
## condition:sex:time 9.0 2 231.89 65 1.2669 0.288572
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: PANAS_neg
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 65 8.38 2.94 + .08 .06
## 2 sex 1, 65 8.38 14.32 *** .18 .0003
## 3 condition:sex 2, 65 8.38 1.56 .05 .22
## 4 time 1, 65 3.57 2.02 .03 .16
## 5 condition:time 2, 65 3.57 5.64 ** .15 .006
## 6 sex:time 1, 65 3.57 2.41 .04 .13
## 7 condition:sex:time 2, 65 3.57 1.27 .04 .29
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1We observed a significant group x time interaction with EC showing an increase in negative mood, whereas the increase in YC did not reach significance and CC rather showed a decrease, albeit non-sig. Overall, men reported less negative mood compared to women.
6.2.2 Positive Mood
There were no extreme outliers with regard to positive mood scores.
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 114458 1 5955.5 75 1441.4215 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 46 2 5955.5 75 0.2912 0.7482
## time 566 1 1001.0 75 42.3873 7.563e-09 ***
## condition:time 10 2 1001.0 75 0.3876 0.6800
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: PANAS_pos
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 75 79.41 0.29 .008 .75
## 2 time 1, 75 13.35 42.39 *** .36 <.0001
## 3 condition:time 2, 75 13.35 0.39 .01 .68
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 113869 1 5682 72 1442.8878 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 43 2 5682 72 0.2748 0.76049
## sex 258 1 5682 72 3.2655 0.07493 .
## condition:sex 15 2 5682 72 0.0936 0.91077
## time 544 1 984 72 39.8243 2.007e-08 ***
## condition:time 13 2 984 72 0.4642 0.63050
## sex:time 2 1 984 72 0.1813 0.67154
## condition:sex:time 14 2 984 72 0.5255 0.59349
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: PANAS_pos
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 72 78.92 0.27 .008 .76
## 2 sex 1, 72 78.92 3.27 + .04 .07
## 3 condition:sex 2, 72 78.92 0.09 .003 .91
## 4 time 1, 72 13.67 39.82 *** .36 <.0001
## 5 condition:time 2, 72 13.67 0.46 .01 .63
## 6 sex:time 1, 72 13.67 0.18 .003 .67
## 7 condition:sex:time 2, 72 13.67 0.53 .01 .59
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1Across groups, positive mood decreased from pre to post stress exposure. No significant group differences were observed. No sex differences emerged.
7 Escape Behaviour
7.1 Activity
There were no extreme outliers with respect to activity.
##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 1671269 1 333009 75 376.4018 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 10031 2 333009 75 1.1296 0.328593
## phase 9096 1 79628 75 8.5670 0.004529 **
## condition:phase 914 2 79628 75 0.4305 0.651811
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: mpm
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 75 4440.12 1.13 .03 .33
## 2 phase 1, 75 1061.70 8.57 ** .10 .005
## 3 condition:phase 2, 75 1061.70 0.43 .01 .65
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = mpm ~ condition * phase, id = ID, data = escapeBehav)
##
## value df1 df2 p.value
## phase 6.4668 1 147.7546 0.0120
## condition 4.1859 2 128.3562 0.0173
## phase:condition 0.4605 2 128.3562 0.6320##
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
##
## Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df F value Pr(>F)
## (Intercept) 1622438 1 319929 72 365.1293 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition 7477 2 319929 72 0.8413 0.435342
## sex 2411 1 319929 72 0.5427 0.463711
## condition:sex 10661 2 319929 72 1.1997 0.307245
## phase 9480 1 78662 72 8.6775 0.004337 **
## condition:phase 1016 2 78662 72 0.4652 0.629880
## sex:phase 558 1 78662 72 0.5103 0.477312
## condition:sex:phase 379 2 78662 72 0.1736 0.841013
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: mpm
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 72 4443.46 0.84 .02 .44
## 2 sex 1, 72 4443.46 0.54 .007 .46
## 3 condition:sex 2, 72 4443.46 1.20 .03 .31
## 4 phase 1, 72 1092.53 8.68 ** .11 .004
## 5 condition:phase 2, 72 1092.53 0.47 .01 .63
## 6 sex:phase 1, 72 1092.53 0.51 .007 .48
## 7 condition:sex:phase 2, 72 1092.53 0.17 .005 .84
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1There were no group differences. Activity was greater in the free exploration phase, without stress exposure compared to the stress phase. There were no sex differences.
7.2 Exploration
There were no extreme outliers with respect to exploration.
Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.
##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: exploration by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 2.5964, df = 2, p-value = 0.273## # A tibble: 1 x 5
## .y. n effsize method magnitude
## * <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <ord>
## 1 exploration 390 0.00154 eta2[H] small##
## Two Sample t-test
##
## data: explorationNoStress$exploration[explorationNoStress$sex == "f"] and explorationNoStress$exploration[explorationNoStress$sex == "m"]
## t = 1.4711, df = 388, p-value = 0.1421
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -3.727265 25.882192
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y
## 111.3128 100.2353There were no significant group differences in exploration. No sex differences emerged.
7.3 Escapes
There were no outliers with respect to number of escapes.
Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.
##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: sum_escapes by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 0.95288, df = 2, p-value = 0.621## # A tibble: 1 x 5
## .y. n effsize method magnitude
## * <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <ord>
## 1 sum_escapes 78 -0.0140 eta2[H] small##
## Two Sample t-test
##
## data: escapesStress$sum_escapes[escapesStress$sex == "f"] and escapesStress$sum_escapes[escapesStress$sex == "m"]
## t = 0.68862, df = 76, p-value = 0.4932
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.5084806 1.0459138
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y
## 3.386364 3.117647There were no significant group differences in escapes. No sex differences emerged.
7.4 Efficiency
There was one extreme outlier with respect to efficiency which we excluded from this analysis.
Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.
##
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
##
## data: overall_efficiency by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 1.537, df = 2, p-value = 0.4637## # A tibble: 1 x 5
## .y. n effsize method magnitude
## * <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <ord>
## 1 overall_efficiency 77 -0.00626 eta2[H] small##
## Two Sample t-test
##
## data: efficiencyStress$overall_efficiency[efficiencyStress$sex == "f"] and efficiencyStress$overall_efficiency[efficiencyStress$sex == "m"]
## t = 0.66114, df = 75, p-value = 0.5105
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -4.412073 8.795410
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y
## 25.67841 23.48674Groups did not differ in behavioural efficiency and no sex differences emerged.
8 Working Memory (Reading Span)
There were no extreme outliers with respect to working memory PCL scores.
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: pcl
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 71 0.01 6.67 ** .16 .002
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## CC - EC 0.1255 0.0344 71 3.650 0.0015
## CC - YC 0.0668 0.0344 71 1.944 0.1117
## EC - YC -0.0587 0.0340 71 -1.724 0.1117
##
## P value adjustment: holm method for 3 tests## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
##
## Response: pcl
## Effect df MSE F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 68 0.01 6.15 ** .15 .003
## 2 sex 1, 68 0.01 0.03 .0004 .87
## 3 condition:sex 2, 68 0.01 0.32 .009 .73
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1There was a significant main effect of group on working memory performance in the reading span test. EC participants performed signficantly worse than both YC and CC. The latter two groups did not differ. No sex differences emerged.
9 Correction for Multiple Dependent Variables
9.1 Acute Stress Effects
## DVacute p.orig Bonferroni
## 1 helplessness 2.065e-06 8.260e-06
## 2 exhaustion 2.000e-04 8.000e-04
## 3 frustration 2.301e-04 9.204e-04
## 4 RT 9.000e-03 3.600e-029.2 Transfer Stress Effects
## DVtransfer p.orig Bonferroni
## 7 PCL 0.002000 0.014000
## 2 PANASneg 0.003179 0.022253
## 1 STADI 0.055545 0.388815
## 4 exploration 0.273000 1.000000
## 6 efficiency 0.463700 1.000000
## 5 escapes 0.621000 1.000000
## 3 PANASpos 0.680000 1.00000010 Plots for Figure 1
11 Plots for Supplement
