1 Summary

This script runs analyses on data from study 1. Specifically, it compares data from three groups of participants who underwent escapable stress (EC), yoked inescapable stress (YC), or a control condition (CC), respectively. Here, we use the terms “group” and “condition” interchangeably. Measurements under investigation comprised reaction times (RTs) and ratings under acute stress (stressor aversiveness, control, exhaustion, frustration, helplessness) as well as pre-post changes in affective state (STADI and PANAS questionnaires), effects on working memory (reading span), and escape behaviour (activity, exploration, escapes, efficiency).

2 Sample Descriptives

In total, the sample consisted of N = 80 participants with n = 27 in CC, n = 27 in EC, and n = 26 in YC.

2.1 Age & Sex

3 A Priori Group Difference Checks

3.1 Sex (Chi-square Test)

## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  demo$condition and demo$sex
## X-squared = 0.03256, df = 2, p-value = 0.9839

There were no a priori group differences in male-female ratio.

3.2 Age (one-way ANOVA)

Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.

## 
##  Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
## 
## data:  age_sess2 by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 6.518, df = 2, p-value = 0.03843
## # A tibble: 1 x 5
##   .y.           n effsize method  magnitude
## * <chr>     <int>   <dbl> <chr>   <ord>    
## 1 age_sess2    80  0.0587 eta2[H] small

Age differed significantly between groups. There were two extreme outliers which we excluded from subsequent analyses.

3.3 Working Memory IQ (one-way ANOVA)

There were no outliers with respect to working memory IQ.

## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: workingmem_IQ
##      Effect    df    MSE    F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 77 140.03 0.81 .02     .45
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There were no a priori group differences in working memory IQ.

3.4 Alertness (one-way ANOVA)

There were no outliers with respect to alertness.

## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: TAPalertness
##      Effect    df   MSE    F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 77 46.90 1.47 .04     .24
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There were no a priori group differences in alertness.

4 Manipulation Check

4.1 Verify Yoking of Stress Durations

## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  stress$stress_duration[stress$condition == "EC"] and stress$stress_duration[stress$condition == "YC"]
## t = -0.40496, df = 2111.3, p-value = 0.6855
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.06782429  0.04460753
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  6.497424  6.509033

There were no differences in stress durations between EC and YC because YC participants were yoked to EC participants. Very slight timing inaccurracies are due to program execution differences. EC and CC performed at ceiling, responding fast enough to each cue as evidenced in mean stress duration well below the 15s maximum in each trial. Thus, there were no group differences in durations.

4.2 Stressor Aversiveness

There were no extreme outliers with respect to aversiveness ratings.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                 Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     6429.7      1  220.973     47 1367.5679 <2e-16 ***
## condition          2.3      1  220.973     47    0.4832 0.4904    
## trial              1.4      3   68.769    141    0.9667 0.4104    
## condition:trial    2.0      3   68.769    141    1.3572 0.2584    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                 Test statistic   p-value
## trial                  0.43426 3.577e-07
## condition:trial        0.43426 3.577e-07
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                  GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial           0.63647     0.3808
## condition:trial 0.63647     0.2623
## 
##                    HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial           0.6627468  0.3836776
## condition:trial 0.6627468  0.2623624
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: aversive_rating
##            Effect          df  MSE    F pes p.value
## 1       condition       1, 47 4.70 0.48 .01     .49
## 2           trial 1.91, 89.74 0.77 0.97 .02     .38
## 3 condition:trial 1.91, 89.74 0.77 1.36 .03     .26
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                     Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         5984.0      1  166.071     45 1621.4823 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition              2.8      1  166.071     45    0.7512 0.3907101    
## sex                   54.3      1  166.071     45   14.7013 0.0003891 ***
## condition:sex          0.1      1  166.071     45    0.0186 0.8921148    
## trial                  0.8      3   65.603    135    0.5375 0.6574007    
## condition:trial        1.7      3   65.603    135    1.1785 0.3203903    
## sex:trial              2.6      3   65.603    135    1.7501 0.1597866    
## condition:sex:trial    0.6      3   65.603    135    0.4071 0.7481450    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                      0.44943 1.5411e-06
## condition:trial            0.44943 1.5411e-06
## sex:trial                  0.44943 1.5411e-06
## condition:sex:trial        0.44943 1.5411e-06
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial               0.64388     0.5800
## condition:trial     0.64388     0.3114
## sex:trial           0.64388     0.1809
## condition:sex:trial 0.64388     0.6597
## 
##                        HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.6722336  0.5875375
## condition:trial     0.6722336  0.3126738
## sex:trial           0.6722336  0.1793022
## condition:sex:trial 0.6722336  0.6684889
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: aversive_rating
##                Effect          df  MSE         F   pes p.value
## 1           condition       1, 45 3.69      0.75   .02     .39
## 2                 sex       1, 45 3.69 14.70 ***   .25   .0004
## 3       condition:sex       1, 45 3.69      0.02 .0004     .89
## 4               trial 1.93, 86.92 0.75      0.54   .01     .58
## 5     condition:trial 1.93, 86.92 0.75      1.18   .03     .31
## 6           sex:trial 1.93, 86.92 0.75      1.75   .04     .18
## 7 condition:sex:trial 1.93, 86.92 0.75      0.41  .009     .66
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG

Both EC and YC rated the stressor as very aversive (global M = 5.744898). Mean aversiveness ratings did not differ between groups, nor across trials. Men rated the stressor as less aversive compared to women.

4.3 Perceived Stressor Controllability

There was one extreme outlier with respect to perceived control which we excluded from this analysis.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                 Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     5577.4      1   701.43     74 588.4100 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition        562.4      2   701.43     74  29.6678 3.456e-10 ***
## trial              7.1      3   151.09    222   3.4663   0.01705 *  
## condition:trial    1.8      6   151.09    222   0.4492   0.84508    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                 Test statistic    p-value
## trial                  0.37343 4.7503e-14
## condition:trial        0.37343 4.7503e-14
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                  GG eps Pr(>F[GG])  
## trial           0.62374    0.03692 *
## condition:trial 0.62374    0.76039  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                    HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial           0.6393249 0.03575116
## condition:trial 0.6393249 0.76501657
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: control_rating
##            Effect           df  MSE         F pes p.value
## 1       condition        2, 74 9.48 29.67 *** .45  <.0001
## 2           trial 1.87, 138.47 1.09    3.47 * .04     .04
## 3 condition:trial 3.74, 138.47 1.09      0.45 .01     .76
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
##  contrast estimate    SE df t.ratio p.value
##  CC - EC      1.83 0.432 74 4.243   0.0001 
##  CC - YC      3.35 0.436 74 7.699   <.0001 
##  EC - YC      1.52 0.423 74 3.600   0.0006 
## 
## Results are averaged over the levels of: trial 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 3 tests
##  contrast  estimate    SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  X10 - X20   0.2177 0.133 222 1.635   0.4134 
##  X10 - X30   0.3600 0.133 222 2.705   0.0368 
##  X10 - X40   0.3801 0.133 222 2.855   0.0282 
##  X20 - X30   0.1423 0.133 222 1.069   0.6714 
##  X20 - X40   0.1624 0.133 222 1.220   0.6714 
##  X30 - X40   0.0201 0.133 222 0.151   0.8803 
## 
## Results are averaged over the levels of: condition 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 6 tests
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                     Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         5556.9      1   636.76     71 619.6063 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition            529.7      2   636.76     71  29.5285 4.655e-10 ***
## sex                   30.9      1   636.76     71   3.4500 0.0674010 .  
## condition:sex         30.2      2   636.76     71   1.6862 0.1925520    
## trial                  7.7      3   134.32    213   4.0654 0.0077787 ** 
## condition:trial        3.3      6   134.32    213   0.8634 0.5226872    
## sex:trial              0.6      3   134.32    213   0.3388 0.7972640    
## condition:sex:trial   16.2      6   134.32    213   4.2708 0.0004368 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                      0.40484 2.8792e-12
## condition:trial            0.40484 2.8792e-12
## sex:trial                  0.40484 2.8792e-12
## condition:sex:trial        0.40484 2.8792e-12
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])   
## trial               0.64629   0.020291 * 
## condition:trial     0.64629   0.484970   
## sex:trial           0.64629   0.706507   
## condition:sex:trial 0.64629   0.003034 **
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                        HF eps  Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.6641358 0.019324914
## condition:trial     0.6641358 0.487328636
## sex:trial           0.6641358 0.712354830
## condition:sex:trial 0.6641358 0.002747778
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: control_rating
##                Effect           df  MSE         F  pes p.value
## 1           condition        2, 71 8.97 29.53 ***  .45  <.0001
## 2                 sex        1, 71 8.97    3.45 +  .05     .07
## 3       condition:sex        2, 71 8.97      1.69  .05     .19
## 4               trial 1.94, 137.66 0.98    4.07 *  .05     .02
## 5     condition:trial 3.88, 137.66 0.98      0.86  .02     .48
## 6           sex:trial 1.94, 137.66 0.98      0.34 .005     .71
## 7 condition:sex:trial 3.88, 137.66 0.98   4.27 **  .11    .003
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG

We observed group differences in perceived control in the expected direction: YC reported lowest, EC middle, CC highest perceived control. There was an effect of time: perceived control decreased slightly over time. There was also a significant interaction of condition x sex x trial.

5 Ratings and RT During Stress Exposure

5.1 Feelings of Helplessness

There were two extreme outliers which we excluded from this analysis.

Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.

## 
##  Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
## 
## data:  helpless_rating by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 26.181, df = 2, p-value = 2.065e-06
## # A tibble: 3 x 9
##   .y.        group1 group2    n1    n2 statistic         p    p.adj p.adj.signif
## * <chr>      <chr>  <chr>  <int> <int>     <dbl>     <dbl>    <dbl> <chr>       
## 1 helpless_… CC     EC        23    27      3.54   4.01e-4  8.03e-4 ***         
## 2 helpless_… CC     YC        23    26      5.02   5.28e-7  1.58e-6 ****        
## 3 helpless_… EC     YC        27    26      1.57   1.16e-1  1.16e-1 ns
## # A tibble: 1 x 5
##   .y.                 n effsize method  magnitude
## * <chr>           <int>   <dbl> <chr>   <ord>    
## 1 helpless_rating    76   0.331 eta2[H] large

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                      Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         2859.26      1   600.06     72 343.0756 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition            260.09      2   600.06     72  15.6037 2.346e-06 ***
## sex                   93.83      1   600.06     72  11.2580  0.001268 ** 
## condition:sex         96.97      2   600.06     72   5.8175  0.004550 ** 
## trial                  0.99      3   158.17    216   0.4492  0.718114    
## condition:trial        8.05      6   158.17    216   1.8323  0.094044 .  
## sex:trial              0.15      3   158.17    216   0.0668  0.977488    
## condition:sex:trial    3.22      6   158.17    216   0.7331  0.623478    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                      0.36223 4.3509e-14
## condition:trial            0.36223 4.3509e-14
## sex:trial                  0.36223 4.3509e-14
## condition:sex:trial        0.36223 4.3509e-14
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])
## trial               0.59047     0.6153
## condition:trial     0.59047     0.1345
## sex:trial           0.59047     0.9171
## condition:sex:trial 0.59047     0.5554
## 
##                        HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.6042825  0.6197997
## condition:trial     0.6042825  0.1328879
## sex:trial           0.6042825  0.9207775
## condition:sex:trial 0.6042825  0.5583392
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: helpless_rating
##                Effect           df  MSE         F   pes p.value
## 1           condition        2, 72 8.33 15.60 ***   .30  <.0001
## 2                 sex        1, 72 8.33  11.26 **   .14    .001
## 3       condition:sex        2, 72 8.33   5.82 **   .14    .005
## 4               trial 1.77, 127.54 1.24      0.45  .006     .62
## 5     condition:trial 3.54, 127.54 1.24      1.83   .05     .13
## 6           sex:trial 1.77, 127.54 1.24      0.07 .0009     .92
## 7 condition:sex:trial 3.54, 127.54 1.24      0.73   .02     .56
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
##  contrast    estimate    SE df t.ratio p.value
##  CC,f - EC,f  -2.7595 0.536 72 -5.144  <.0001 
##  CC,f - YC,f  -2.4929 0.536 72 -4.647  0.0002 
##  CC,f - CC,m   0.0844 0.582 72  0.145  1.0000 
##  CC,f - EC,m  -0.1012 0.568 72 -0.178  1.0000 
##  CC,f - YC,m  -1.9156 0.582 72 -3.294  0.0138 
##  EC,f - YC,f   0.2667 0.527 72  0.506  1.0000 
##  EC,f - CC,m   2.8439 0.573 72  4.963  0.0001 
##  EC,f - EC,m   2.6583 0.559 72  4.755  0.0001 
##  EC,f - YC,m   0.8439 0.573 72  1.473  0.8709 
##  YC,f - CC,m   2.5773 0.573 72  4.498  0.0003 
##  YC,f - EC,m   2.3917 0.559 72  4.278  0.0006 
##  YC,f - YC,m   0.5773 0.573 72  1.007  1.0000 
##  CC,m - EC,m  -0.1856 0.603 72 -0.308  1.0000 
##  CC,m - YC,m  -2.0000 0.615 72 -3.249  0.0141 
##  EC,m - YC,m  -1.8144 0.603 72 -3.011  0.0251 
## 
## Results are averaged over the levels of: trial 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 15 tests

Both stress groups reported sig. greater helplessness compared to the control group, however, they did not differ sig. from each other. Men in EC and YC reported less helplessness, there were no sex differences in CC.

5.2 Exhaustion

There were no outliers with respect to exhaustion ratings.

## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: exhausted_rating
##      Effect    df  MSE         F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 75 2.75 10.24 *** .21   .0001
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##  contrast estimate    SE df t.ratio p.value
##  CC - EC    -1.987 0.461 75 -4.315  0.0001 
##  CC - YC    -1.575 0.465 75 -3.389  0.0022 
##  EC - YC     0.412 0.456 75  0.904  0.3690 
## 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 3 tests

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                     Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         4109.0      1   613.67     72 482.1007 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition            188.6      2   613.67     72  11.0651 6.453e-05 ***
## sex                  107.3      1   613.67     72  12.5897 0.0006873 ***
## condition:sex         98.4      2   613.67     72   5.7707 0.0047371 ** 
## trial                  5.7      3    96.33    216   4.2942 0.0057399 ** 
## condition:trial        1.6      6    96.33    216   0.5918 0.7367458    
## sex:trial              3.1      3    96.33    216   2.3397 0.0743838 .  
## condition:sex:trial    2.3      6    96.33    216   0.8763 0.5131012    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic   p-value
## trial                       0.4312 1.565e-11
## condition:trial             0.4312 1.565e-11
## sex:trial                   0.4312 1.565e-11
## condition:sex:trial         0.4312 1.565e-11
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])  
## trial               0.62748    0.01736 *
## condition:trial     0.62748    0.65910  
## sex:trial           0.62748    0.10349  
## condition:sex:trial 0.62748    0.47484  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                        HF eps Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.6437673 0.01653213
## condition:trial     0.6437673 0.66333931
## sex:trial           0.6437673 0.10203219
## condition:sex:trial 0.6437673 0.47696339
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: exhausted_rating
##                Effect           df  MSE         F pes p.value
## 1           condition        2, 72 8.52 11.07 *** .24  <.0001
## 2                 sex        1, 72 8.52 12.59 *** .15   .0007
## 3       condition:sex        2, 72 8.52   5.77 ** .14    .005
## 4               trial 1.88, 135.54 0.71    4.29 * .06     .02
## 5     condition:trial 3.76, 135.54 0.71      0.59 .02     .66
## 6           sex:trial 1.88, 135.54 0.71      2.34 .03     .10
## 7 condition:sex:trial 3.76, 135.54 0.71      0.88 .02     .47
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG

Both stress groups reported sig. greater exhaustion compared to the control group, however, they did not differ sig. from each other. Men in EC and YC reported less exhaustion compared to women, whereas, in CC, women reported less exhaustion.

5.3 Frustration

There were no extreme outliers with regard to frustration ratings.

Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.

## 
##  Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
## 
## data:  frustrated_rating by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 16.754, df = 2, p-value = 0.0002301
## # A tibble: 3 x 9
##   .y.          group1 group2    n1    n2 statistic        p   p.adj p.adj.signif
## * <chr>        <chr>  <chr>  <int> <int>     <dbl>    <dbl>   <dbl> <chr>       
## 1 frustrated_… CC     EC        25    27      2.10  3.56e-2 7.12e-2 ns          
## 2 frustrated_… CC     YC        25    26      4.09  4.26e-5 1.28e-4 ***         
## 3 frustrated_… EC     YC        27    26      2.05  4.04e-2 7.12e-2 ns
## # A tibble: 1 x 5
##   .y.                   n effsize method  magnitude
## * <chr>             <int>   <dbl> <chr>   <ord>    
## 1 frustrated_rating    78   0.197 eta2[H] large

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                      Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         2710.85      1   614.14     72 317.8138 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition            171.12      2   614.14     72  10.0306 0.0001436 ***
## sex                   79.78      1   614.14     72   9.3537 0.0031235 ** 
## condition:sex         34.12      2   614.14     72   2.0001 0.1427671    
## trial                 12.32      3   129.58    216   6.8430 0.0002000 ***
## condition:trial       10.80      6   129.58    216   3.0016 0.0077442 ** 
## sex:trial              0.46      3   129.58    216   0.2529 0.8592004    
## condition:sex:trial    3.58      6   129.58    216   0.9932 0.4307792    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                      0.70833 0.00018316
## condition:trial            0.70833 0.00018316
## sex:trial                  0.70833 0.00018316
## condition:sex:trial        0.70833 0.00018316
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])    
## trial               0.80213  0.0006455 ***
## condition:trial     0.80213  0.0137496 *  
## sex:trial           0.80213  0.8160906    
## condition:sex:trial 0.80213  0.4216913    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                        HF eps  Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.8318092 0.000541071
## condition:trial     0.8318092 0.012607416
## sex:trial           0.8318092 0.823493859
## condition:sex:trial 0.8318092 0.423250204
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: frustrated_rating
##                Effect           df  MSE         F  pes p.value
## 1           condition        2, 72 8.53 10.03 ***  .22   .0001
## 2                 sex        1, 72 8.53   9.35 **  .11    .003
## 3       condition:sex        2, 72 8.53      2.00  .05     .14
## 4               trial 2.41, 173.26 0.75  6.84 ***  .09   .0006
## 5     condition:trial 4.81, 173.26 0.75    3.00 *  .08     .01
## 6           sex:trial 2.41, 173.26 0.75      0.25 .004     .82
## 7 condition:sex:trial 4.81, 173.26 0.75      0.99  .03     .42
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
##  contrast        estimate    SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  CC,X10 - EC,X10  -1.0163 0.449 104 -2.263  0.8478 
##  CC,X10 - YC,X10  -1.5292 0.454 104 -3.365  0.0537 
##  CC,X10 - CC,X20   0.0974 0.221 216  0.441  1.0000 
##  CC,X10 - EC,X20  -0.9247 0.449 104 -2.059  1.0000 
##  CC,X10 - YC,X20  -1.7232 0.454 104 -3.792  0.0138 
##  CC,X10 - CC,X30  -0.2630 0.221 216 -1.192  1.0000 
##  CC,X10 - EC,X30  -1.1747 0.449 104 -2.616  0.4089 
##  CC,X10 - YC,X30  -2.2292 0.454 104 -4.905  0.0002 
##  CC,X10 - CC,X40  -0.4675 0.221 216 -2.119  1.0000 
##  CC,X10 - EC,X40  -0.8247 0.449 104 -1.837  1.0000 
##  CC,X10 - YC,X40  -2.5323 0.454 104 -5.572  <.0001 
##  EC,X10 - YC,X10  -0.5129 0.446 104 -1.151  1.0000 
##  EC,X10 - CC,X20   1.1137 0.449 104  2.480  0.5599 
##  EC,X10 - EC,X20   0.0917 0.212 216  0.432  1.0000 
##  EC,X10 - YC,X20  -0.7068 0.446 104 -1.586  1.0000 
##  EC,X10 - CC,X30   0.7534 0.449 104  1.678  1.0000 
##  EC,X10 - EC,X30  -0.1583 0.212 216 -0.746  1.0000 
##  EC,X10 - YC,X30  -1.2129 0.446 104 -2.722  0.3121 
##  EC,X10 - CC,X40   0.5488 0.449 104  1.222  1.0000 
##  EC,X10 - EC,X40   0.1917 0.212 216  0.904  1.0000 
##  EC,X10 - YC,X40  -1.5159 0.446 104 -3.402  0.0485 
##  YC,X10 - CC,X20   1.6266 0.454 104  3.579  0.0273 
##  YC,X10 - EC,X20   0.6045 0.446 104  1.357  1.0000 
##  YC,X10 - YC,X20  -0.1939 0.217 216 -0.892  1.0000 
##  YC,X10 - CC,X30   1.2662 0.454 104  2.786  0.2725 
##  YC,X10 - EC,X30   0.3545 0.446 104  0.796  1.0000 
##  YC,X10 - YC,X30  -0.7000 0.217 216 -3.220  0.0726 
##  YC,X10 - CC,X40   1.0617 0.454 104  2.336  0.7507 
##  YC,X10 - EC,X40   0.7045 0.446 104  1.581  1.0000 
##  YC,X10 - YC,X40  -1.0030 0.217 216 -4.614  0.0004 
##  CC,X20 - EC,X20  -1.0221 0.449 104 -2.276  0.8462 
##  CC,X20 - YC,X20  -1.8206 0.454 104 -4.006  0.0067 
##  CC,X20 - CC,X30  -0.3604 0.221 216 -1.633  1.0000 
##  CC,X20 - EC,X30  -1.2721 0.449 104 -2.833  0.2438 
##  CC,X20 - YC,X30  -2.3266 0.454 104 -5.120  0.0001 
##  CC,X20 - CC,X40  -0.5649 0.221 216 -2.560  0.4347 
##  CC,X20 - EC,X40  -0.9221 0.449 104 -2.053  1.0000 
##  CC,X20 - YC,X40  -2.6297 0.454 104 -5.786  <.0001 
##  EC,X20 - YC,X20  -0.7985 0.446 104 -1.792  1.0000 
##  EC,X20 - CC,X30   0.6617 0.449 104  1.474  1.0000 
##  EC,X20 - EC,X30  -0.2500 0.212 216 -1.179  1.0000 
##  EC,X20 - YC,X30  -1.3045 0.446 104 -2.928  0.1889 
##  EC,X20 - CC,X40   0.4571 0.449 104  1.018  1.0000 
##  EC,X20 - EC,X40   0.1000 0.212 216  0.471  1.0000 
##  EC,X20 - YC,X40  -1.6076 0.446 104 -3.608  0.0253 
##  YC,X20 - CC,X30   1.4602 0.454 104  3.213  0.0840 
##  YC,X20 - EC,X30   0.5485 0.446 104  1.231  1.0000 
##  YC,X20 - YC,X30  -0.5061 0.217 216 -2.328  0.7507 
##  YC,X20 - CC,X40   1.2556 0.454 104  2.763  0.2846 
##  YC,X20 - EC,X40   0.8985 0.446 104  2.016  1.0000 
##  YC,X20 - YC,X40  -0.8091 0.217 216 -3.722  0.0138 
##  CC,X30 - EC,X30  -0.9117 0.449 104 -2.030  1.0000 
##  CC,X30 - YC,X30  -1.9662 0.454 104 -4.327  0.0021 
##  CC,X30 - CC,X40  -0.2045 0.221 216 -0.927  1.0000 
##  CC,X30 - EC,X40  -0.5617 0.449 104 -1.251  1.0000 
##  CC,X30 - YC,X40  -2.2693 0.454 104 -4.993  0.0002 
##  EC,X30 - YC,X30  -1.0545 0.446 104 -2.367  0.7328 
##  EC,X30 - CC,X40   0.7071 0.449 104  1.575  1.0000 
##  EC,X30 - EC,X40   0.3500 0.212 216  1.650  1.0000 
##  EC,X30 - YC,X40  -1.3576 0.446 104 -3.047  0.1349 
##  YC,X30 - CC,X40   1.7617 0.454 104  3.876  0.0106 
##  YC,X30 - EC,X40   1.4045 0.446 104  3.152  0.0996 
##  YC,X30 - YC,X40  -0.3030 0.217 216 -1.394  1.0000 
##  CC,X40 - EC,X40  -0.3571 0.449 104 -0.795  1.0000 
##  CC,X40 - YC,X40  -2.0647 0.454 104 -4.543  0.0009 
##  EC,X40 - YC,X40  -1.7076 0.446 104 -3.832  0.0122 
## 
## Results are averaged over the levels of: sex 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 66 tests

YC showed highest levels of frustration followed by EC, then CC. Only YC showed an increase in frustration over time. Men in EC reported less frustration.

5.4 RTs

There was one outlier with exceptionally long RT which was excluded from this analysis.

## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: rt
##      Effect    df     MSE       F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 73 3693.81 4.98 ** .12    .009
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##  contrast estimate   SE df t.ratio p.value
##  CC - EC     -34.6 17.2 73 -2.012  0.0958 
##  CC - YC     -53.7 17.2 73 -3.122  0.0077 
##  EC - YC     -19.1 16.9 73 -1.133  0.2609 
## 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 3 tests

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                        Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         464187803      1  9964194     68 3167.8198 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition             1015529      2  9964194     68    3.4652   0.03689 *  
## sex                    127364      1  9964194     68    0.8692   0.35448    
## condition:sex          616892      2  9964194     68    2.1050   0.12972    
## trial                 1078684     39 20992182   2652    3.4942 2.565e-12 ***
## condition:trial        462831     78 20992182   2652    0.7496   0.94993    
## sex:trial              247558     39 20992182   2652    0.8019   0.80482    
## condition:sex:trial    487528     78 20992182   2652    0.7896   0.91140    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## 
## Mauchly Tests for Sphericity
## 
##                     Test statistic    p-value
## trial                   3.1933e-12 6.4788e-42
## condition:trial         3.1933e-12 6.4788e-42
## sex:trial               3.1933e-12 6.4788e-42
## condition:sex:trial     3.1933e-12 6.4788e-42
## 
## 
## Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt Corrections
##  for Departure from Sphericity
## 
##                      GG eps Pr(>F[GG])    
## trial               0.40195  4.582e-06 ***
## condition:trial     0.40195     0.8396    
## sex:trial           0.40195     0.6820    
## condition:sex:trial 0.40195     0.7899    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                        HF eps   Pr(>F[HF])
## trial               0.5290665 2.079288e-07
## condition:trial     0.5290665 8.773679e-01
## sex:trial           0.5290665 7.176555e-01
## condition:sex:trial 0.5290665 8.283443e-01
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: rt
##                Effect             df       MSE        F pes p.value
## 1           condition          2, 68 146532.26   3.47 * .09     .04
## 2                 sex          1, 68 146532.26     0.87 .01     .35
## 3       condition:sex          2, 68 146532.26     2.10 .06     .13
## 4               trial 15.68, 1065.96  19693.24 3.49 *** .05  <.0001
## 5     condition:trial 31.35, 1065.96  19693.24     0.75 .02     .84
## 6           sex:trial 15.68, 1065.96  19693.24     0.80 .01     .68
## 7 condition:sex:trial 31.35, 1065.96  19693.24     0.79 .02     .79
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sphericity correction method: GG
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = rt ~ condition * trial, id = ID, data = stress)
## 
##                   value df1      df2 p.value
## trial            2.4744  39 214.1964  0.0000
## condition       89.3231   2 434.6291  0.0000
## trial:condition  0.4669  78 278.6624  0.9999
## [1] -0.4676576
## [1] 1.032947

YC was significantly slower than CC but EC and CC did not differ in RTs. Overall RTs showed a steep decrease across the first few trials, then remained fairly constant.

6 Changes in Affective State

6.1 Depression and Anxiety (STADI)

We excluded one extreme outlier with particularly high pre stress induction STADI scores.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)    165481      1   4474.5     68 2514.8699 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition          64      2   4474.5     68    0.4855  0.617529    
## time              197      1   1431.4     68    9.3787  0.003144 ** 
## condition:time    127      2   1431.4     68    3.0170  0.055545 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: STADI_S_Global
##           Effect    df   MSE       F pes p.value
## 1      condition 2, 68 65.80    0.49 .01     .62
## 2           time 1, 68 21.05 9.38 ** .12    .003
## 3 condition:time 2, 68 21.05  3.02 + .08     .06
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##  contrast          estimate   SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  CC,pre - EC,pre    0.26609 1.90 107  0.140  1.0000 
##  CC,pre - YC,pre    2.26087 1.94 107  1.163  1.0000 
##  CC,pre - CC,post   0.26087 1.35  68  0.193  1.0000 
##  CC,pre - EC,post  -2.81391 1.90 107 -1.478  1.0000 
##  CC,pre - YC,post  -2.00000 1.94 107 -1.029  1.0000 
##  EC,pre - YC,pre    1.99478 1.90 107  1.048  1.0000 
##  EC,pre - CC,post  -0.00522 1.90 107 -0.003  1.0000 
##  EC,pre - EC,post  -3.08000 1.30  68 -2.373  0.2659 
##  EC,pre - YC,post  -2.26609 1.90 107 -1.190  1.0000 
##  YC,pre - CC,post  -2.00000 1.94 107 -1.029  1.0000 
##  YC,pre - EC,post  -5.07478 1.90 107 -2.665  0.1243 
##  YC,pre - YC,post  -4.26087 1.35  68 -3.149  0.0365 
##  CC,post - EC,post -3.07478 1.90 107 -1.615  1.0000 
##  CC,post - YC,post -2.26087 1.94 107 -1.163  1.0000 
##  EC,post - YC,post  0.81391 1.90 107  0.427  1.0000 
## 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 15 tests
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                    Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)        163048      1   3825.8     65 2770.1605 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition              67      2   3825.8     65    0.5677  0.569623    
## sex                   595      1   3825.8     65   10.1113  0.002258 ** 
## condition:sex          39      2   3825.8     65    0.3316  0.718976    
## time                  185      1   1332.3     65    9.0181  0.003792 ** 
## condition:time        120      2   1332.3     65    2.9242  0.060808 .  
## sex:time               45      1   1332.3     65    2.2145  0.141552    
## condition:sex:time     50      2   1332.3     65    1.2129  0.303978    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: STADI_S_Global
##               Effect    df   MSE        F pes p.value
## 1          condition 2, 65 58.86     0.57 .02     .57
## 2                sex 1, 65 58.86 10.11 ** .13    .002
## 3      condition:sex 2, 65 58.86     0.33 .01     .72
## 4               time 1, 65 20.50  9.02 ** .12    .004
## 5     condition:time 2, 65 20.50   2.92 + .08     .06
## 6           sex:time 1, 65 20.50     2.21 .03     .14
## 7 condition:sex:time 2, 65 20.50     1.21 .04     .30
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

Depressive mood and anxiety significantly increased from pre to post stress induction. A trend interaction of group x time indicated that this increase was limited to stress groups, whereas scores did not change in CC. Overall, men reported less depressive symptoms and anxiety compared to women.

6.2 Negative and Positive Mood (PANAS)

6.2.1 Negative Mood

There were three extreme outliers with respect to negative mood which we excluded from this analysis.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                 Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)    20865.4      1   696.85     68 2036.0741 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition         63.6      2   696.85     68    3.1043  0.051270 .  
## time               9.7      1   250.56     68    2.6320  0.109360    
## condition:time    46.2      2   250.56     68    6.2662  0.003179 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: PANAS_neg
##           Effect    df   MSE       F pes p.value
## 1      condition 2, 68 10.25  3.10 + .08     .05
## 2           time 1, 68  3.68    2.63 .04     .11
## 3 condition:time 2, 68  3.68 6.27 ** .16    .003
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##  contrast          estimate    SE  df t.ratio p.value
##  CC,pre - EC,pre    -0.0953 0.756 111 -0.126  1.0000 
##  CC,pre - YC,pre     0.9466 0.787 111  1.203  1.0000 
##  CC,pre - CC,post    1.0435 0.566  68  1.843  0.6962 
##  CC,pre - EC,post   -1.7107 0.756 111 -2.264  0.3059 
##  CC,pre - YC,post   -0.0534 0.787 111 -0.068  1.0000 
##  EC,pre - YC,pre     1.0420 0.765 111  1.363  1.0000 
##  EC,pre - CC,post    1.1388 0.756 111  1.507  1.0000 
##  EC,pre - EC,post   -1.6154 0.532  68 -3.034  0.0444 
##  EC,pre - YC,post    0.0420 0.765 111  0.055  1.0000 
##  YC,pre - CC,post    0.0968 0.787 111  0.123  1.0000 
##  YC,pre - EC,post   -2.6573 0.765 111 -3.476  0.0102 
##  YC,pre - YC,post   -1.0000 0.579  68 -1.728  0.7970 
##  CC,post - EC,post  -2.7542 0.756 111 -3.645  0.0061 
##  CC,post - YC,post  -1.0968 0.787 111 -1.394  1.0000 
##  EC,post - YC,post   1.6573 0.765 111  2.168  0.3555 
## 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 15 tests
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = PANAS_neg ~ condition * time, id = ID, data = affStates_PANASneg)
## 
##                 value df1     df2 p.value
## condition      1.8585   2 27.6442  0.1749
## time           1.2857   1 36.6270  0.2642
## condition:time 7.6926   2 27.7567  0.0022
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                     Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)        20129.1      1   544.85     65 2401.3719 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition             49.2      2   544.85     65    2.9373  0.060079 .  
## sex                  120.0      1   544.85     65   14.3169  0.000339 ***
## condition:sex         26.1      2   544.85     65    1.5595  0.218013    
## time                   7.2      1   231.89     65    2.0159  0.160436    
## condition:time        40.3      2   231.89     65    5.6419  0.005503 ** 
## sex:time               8.6      1   231.89     65    2.4095  0.125457    
## condition:sex:time     9.0      2   231.89     65    1.2669  0.288572    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: PANAS_neg
##               Effect    df  MSE         F pes p.value
## 1          condition 2, 65 8.38    2.94 + .08     .06
## 2                sex 1, 65 8.38 14.32 *** .18   .0003
## 3      condition:sex 2, 65 8.38      1.56 .05     .22
## 4               time 1, 65 3.57      2.02 .03     .16
## 5     condition:time 2, 65 3.57   5.64 ** .15    .006
## 6           sex:time 1, 65 3.57      2.41 .04     .13
## 7 condition:sex:time 2, 65 3.57      1.27 .04     .29
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

We observed a significant group x time interaction with EC showing an increase in negative mood, whereas the increase in YC did not reach significance and CC rather showed a decrease, albeit non-sig. Overall, men reported less negative mood compared to women.

6.2.2 Positive Mood

There were no extreme outliers with regard to positive mood scores.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)    114458      1   5955.5     75 1441.4215 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition          46      2   5955.5     75    0.2912    0.7482    
## time              566      1   1001.0     75   42.3873 7.563e-09 ***
## condition:time     10      2   1001.0     75    0.3876    0.6800    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: PANAS_pos
##           Effect    df   MSE         F  pes p.value
## 1      condition 2, 75 79.41      0.29 .008     .75
## 2           time 1, 75 13.35 42.39 ***  .36  <.0001
## 3 condition:time 2, 75 13.35      0.39  .01     .68
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                    Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df   F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)        113869      1     5682     72 1442.8878 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition              43      2     5682     72    0.2748   0.76049    
## sex                   258      1     5682     72    3.2655   0.07493 .  
## condition:sex          15      2     5682     72    0.0936   0.91077    
## time                  544      1      984     72   39.8243 2.007e-08 ***
## condition:time         13      2      984     72    0.4642   0.63050    
## sex:time                2      1      984     72    0.1813   0.67154    
## condition:sex:time     14      2      984     72    0.5255   0.59349    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: PANAS_pos
##               Effect    df   MSE         F  pes p.value
## 1          condition 2, 72 78.92      0.27 .008     .76
## 2                sex 1, 72 78.92    3.27 +  .04     .07
## 3      condition:sex 2, 72 78.92      0.09 .003     .91
## 4               time 1, 72 13.67 39.82 ***  .36  <.0001
## 5     condition:time 2, 72 13.67      0.46  .01     .63
## 6           sex:time 1, 72 13.67      0.18 .003     .67
## 7 condition:sex:time 2, 72 13.67      0.53  .01     .59
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

Across groups, positive mood decreased from pre to post stress exposure. No significant group differences were observed. No sex differences emerged.

7 Escape Behaviour

7.1 Activity

There were no extreme outliers with respect to activity.

## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                  Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)     1671269      1   333009     75 376.4018 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition         10031      2   333009     75   1.1296  0.328593    
## phase              9096      1    79628     75   8.5670  0.004529 ** 
## condition:phase     914      2    79628     75   0.4305  0.651811    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: mpm
##            Effect    df     MSE       F pes p.value
## 1       condition 2, 75 4440.12    1.13 .03     .33
## 2           phase 1, 75 1061.70 8.57 ** .10    .005
## 3 condition:phase 2, 75 1061.70    0.43 .01     .65
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Call:
## bwtrim(formula = mpm ~ condition * phase, id = ID, data = escapeBehav)
## 
##                  value df1      df2 p.value
## phase           6.4668   1 147.7546  0.0120
## condition       4.1859   2 128.3562  0.0173
## phase:condition 0.4605   2 128.3562  0.6320
## 
## Univariate Type III Repeated-Measures ANOVA Assuming Sphericity
## 
##                      Sum Sq num Df Error SS den Df  F value    Pr(>F)    
## (Intercept)         1622438      1   319929     72 365.1293 < 2.2e-16 ***
## condition              7477      2   319929     72   0.8413  0.435342    
## sex                    2411      1   319929     72   0.5427  0.463711    
## condition:sex         10661      2   319929     72   1.1997  0.307245    
## phase                  9480      1    78662     72   8.6775  0.004337 ** 
## condition:phase        1016      2    78662     72   0.4652  0.629880    
## sex:phase               558      1    78662     72   0.5103  0.477312    
## condition:sex:phase     379      2    78662     72   0.1736  0.841013    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: mpm
##                Effect    df     MSE       F  pes p.value
## 1           condition 2, 72 4443.46    0.84  .02     .44
## 2                 sex 1, 72 4443.46    0.54 .007     .46
## 3       condition:sex 2, 72 4443.46    1.20  .03     .31
## 4               phase 1, 72 1092.53 8.68 **  .11    .004
## 5     condition:phase 2, 72 1092.53    0.47  .01     .63
## 6           sex:phase 1, 72 1092.53    0.51 .007     .48
## 7 condition:sex:phase 2, 72 1092.53    0.17 .005     .84
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There were no group differences. Activity was greater in the free exploration phase, without stress exposure compared to the stress phase. There were no sex differences.

7.2 Exploration

There were no extreme outliers with respect to exploration.

Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.

## 
##  Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
## 
## data:  exploration by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 2.5964, df = 2, p-value = 0.273
## # A tibble: 1 x 5
##   .y.             n effsize method  magnitude
## * <chr>       <int>   <dbl> <chr>   <ord>    
## 1 exploration   390 0.00154 eta2[H] small
## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  explorationNoStress$exploration[explorationNoStress$sex == "f"] and explorationNoStress$exploration[explorationNoStress$sex == "m"]
## t = 1.4711, df = 388, p-value = 0.1421
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -3.727265 25.882192
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  111.3128  100.2353

There were no significant group differences in exploration. No sex differences emerged.

7.3 Escapes

There were no outliers with respect to number of escapes.

Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.

## 
##  Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
## 
## data:  sum_escapes by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 0.95288, df = 2, p-value = 0.621
## # A tibble: 1 x 5
##   .y.             n effsize method  magnitude
## * <chr>       <int>   <dbl> <chr>   <ord>    
## 1 sum_escapes    78 -0.0140 eta2[H] small
## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  escapesStress$sum_escapes[escapesStress$sex == "f"] and escapesStress$sum_escapes[escapesStress$sex == "m"]
## t = 0.68862, df = 76, p-value = 0.4932
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.5084806  1.0459138
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  3.386364  3.117647

There were no significant group differences in escapes. No sex differences emerged.

7.4 Efficiency

There was one extreme outlier with respect to efficiency which we excluded from this analysis.

Because residuals were not normally distributed, we employed the Kruskal-Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA.

## 
##  Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test
## 
## data:  overall_efficiency by condition
## Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 1.537, df = 2, p-value = 0.4637
## # A tibble: 1 x 5
##   .y.                    n  effsize method  magnitude
## * <chr>              <int>    <dbl> <chr>   <ord>    
## 1 overall_efficiency    77 -0.00626 eta2[H] small
## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  efficiencyStress$overall_efficiency[efficiencyStress$sex == "f"] and efficiencyStress$overall_efficiency[efficiencyStress$sex == "m"]
## t = 0.66114, df = 75, p-value = 0.5105
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -4.412073  8.795410
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  25.67841  23.48674

Groups did not differ in behavioural efficiency and no sex differences emerged.

8 Working Memory (Reading Span)

There were no extreme outliers with respect to working memory PCL scores.

## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: pcl
##      Effect    df  MSE       F pes p.value
## 1 condition 2, 71 0.01 6.67 ** .16    .002
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1
##  contrast estimate     SE df t.ratio p.value
##  CC - EC    0.1255 0.0344 71  3.650  0.0015 
##  CC - YC    0.0668 0.0344 71  1.944  0.1117 
##  EC - YC   -0.0587 0.0340 71 -1.724  0.1117 
## 
## P value adjustment: holm method for 3 tests
## Anova Table (Type 3 tests)
## 
## Response: pcl
##          Effect    df  MSE       F   pes p.value
## 1     condition 2, 68 0.01 6.15 **   .15    .003
## 2           sex 1, 68 0.01    0.03 .0004     .87
## 3 condition:sex 2, 68 0.01    0.32  .009     .73
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '+' 0.1 ' ' 1

There was a significant main effect of group on working memory performance in the reading span test. EC participants performed signficantly worse than both YC and CC. The latter two groups did not differ. No sex differences emerged.

9 Correction for Multiple Dependent Variables

9.1 Acute Stress Effects

##        DVacute    p.orig Bonferroni
## 1 helplessness 2.065e-06  8.260e-06
## 2   exhaustion 2.000e-04  8.000e-04
## 3  frustration 2.301e-04  9.204e-04
## 4           RT 9.000e-03  3.600e-02

9.2 Transfer Stress Effects

##    DVtransfer   p.orig Bonferroni
## 7         PCL 0.002000   0.014000
## 2    PANASneg 0.003179   0.022253
## 1       STADI 0.055545   0.388815
## 4 exploration 0.273000   1.000000
## 6  efficiency 0.463700   1.000000
## 5     escapes 0.621000   1.000000
## 3    PANASpos 0.680000   1.000000

10 Plots for Figure 1

11 Plots for Supplement